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Increase Lapham

Increase Allen Lapham (March 1811 - September 15, 1875) was an author, scientist, and naturalist. Born in Palmyra, New York, his family moved to Pennsylvania, back to New York, and to Ohio while his father, Seneca Lapham, worked on the canals in various locations. He displayed a talent for scientific observation early on while working on the canals and their locks himself, producing drawings that he could sell at the age of thirteen.

''Increase Lapham examining a meteorite which had recently fallen in Wisconsin in 1868''
''Larger version''

In 1836, Increase Lapham moved to the new town of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the area in which he would live the rest of his life. Before the end of the year, he had published a ''Catalogue of Plants and Shells, Found in the vicinity of Milwaukee, on the West Side of Lake Michigan'', perhaps the first scientific work published west of the Great Lakes. He published many more papers and books through his life, particularly on geology, archaeology and history, and flora and fauna of Wisconsin, including publication by the Smithsonian Institution. Since his death, numerous landmarks throughout the southeastern Wisconsin area have been named after him, including Lapham Peak, the highest point in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin buildings, and streets. '':'' History of Wisconsin, Aztalan State Park

Published works

''Catalogue of Plants and Shells, Found in the vicinity of Milwaukee, on the West Side of Lake Michigan'', 1836

''A Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin'', 1844

''The Antiquities of Wisconsin'', 1855

''Geological Map of Wisconsin'', 1855

http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER0443.html Increase Allen Lapham, First Scholar of Wisconsin, from ''Wisconsin Magazine of History'', 1917

http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/WER0745.html

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Increase Mather

Increase Mather (June 21, 1639, O.S. – August 23, 1723, O.S.) was an American Puritan clergyman. He was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, the youngest son of Richard Mather. He entered Harvard in 1651, and graduated in 1656. In 1657, on his eighteenth birthday, he preached his first sermon; in the same year he went to visit his eldest brother in Dublin, and studied there at Trinity College, where he graduated M.A. in 1658. He was chaplain to the English garrison at Guernsey in April-December 1659 and again in 1661; and in the latter year, refusing valuable livings in England offered on condition of conformity, he returned to America. In the winter of 1661-1662 he began to preach to the Second (or North) Church of Boston, and was ordained there on May 27, 1664. As a delegate from Dorchester, his father's church, to the Synod of 1662, he opposed the Half-way Covenant adopted by the Synod and defended by Richard Mather and by Jonathan Mitchell (1624-1668) of Cambridge; but soon afterwards he surrendered as a glad captive to the truth so victoriously cleared by Mr Mitchell, and like his father and his son became one of the chief exponents of the Halfway Covenant. He was bitterly opposed, however, to the liberal practices that followed the Half-Way Covenant and (after 1677) in particular to Stoddardeanism, the doctrine of Solomon Stoddard (1643-1729) that all "such Persons as have a good Conversation and a Competent Knowledge may come to the Lord's Supper," only those of openly immoral life being excluded. In May 1679 Mather was a petitioner to the General Court for the call of a Synod to consider the reformation in New England of the "Evils that have Provoked the Lord to bring his Judgments," and when the Reforming Synod met in September it appointed him one of a committee to draft a creed; this committee reported in May 1680, at the Synod's second session, of which Mather was moderator, the Savoy Declaration (slightly modified, notably in ch. xxiv.,

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Increase Biodiversity

The imperative to increase biodiversity is a land ethic, an aspect of most programs of sustainable development, especially in rural areas, e.g. precision agriculture, restorative economy, transformative ecology, wild gardening and Global Resource Banking. All of these assume that increasing biodiversity has a positive value, economic, moral, or otherwise. This principle directly challenges the assumptions of agribusiness and its reliance on monoculture, but it goes further than simply restoring the original diversity. As threats to existing biodiversity tend to vary by ecoregion, it is difficult to characterize any one strategy for reversing this and increasing diversity. One could argue, also, that each virus, prion, bioinvader, exotic pet or other foreign species increases biodiversity - in the short term at least. In the longer run, they are likely to drastically decrease the diversity of any given ecosystem. Good examples include the devastation on Australian wildlife by human-introduced predators, and the loss of many wild plant species by terraforming and plowing huge regions of the Earth such as the Great Plains of North America. The time horizon to which one measures the increase matters. Paul Hawken is a notable advocate of this strategy, which is thought to have benefits in topsoil renewal, natural water purification and sewage treatment, resistance to pests and increasing the yield of wild foods in any given region where this strategy is applied. Many anthropologists believe that in South America up to the 15th century, a deliberate strategy similar to these modern views was practiced in the Amazon River basin, by peoples who were almost wholly wiped out by disease brought by Europeans in the 16th century, which spread rapidly through the continent with little direct contact. They seem to have transplanted desired food plants and fed them with human waste (thus another principle "waste as food"). This increased local diversity and diet

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Increase Sumner

Increase Sumner (November 27, 1746 - June 7, 1799) was a U.S. political figure. He served as the governor of Massachusetts between 1797 and 1799.

Sumner, Increase Sumner, Increase Sumner, Increase Sumner, Increase Sumner, Increase

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Increase Fertility