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Indonesian Teak
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Teak
''Tectona grandis''
''Tectona hamiltoniana''
''Tectona philippinensis''
Teak (''Tectona''), also called jati is a genus of tropical hardwood trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia, and is commonly found as a component of monsoon forest vegetation. They are large trees, growing to 30-40 m tall, deciduous in the dry season.
There are three species:
''Tectona grandis'' (Common Teak) is by far the most important, with a wide distribution in India and Indo-China.
''Tectona hamiltoniana'' (Dahat Teak) is a local endemic species confined to Myanmar, where it is endangered.
''Tectona philippinensis'' (Philippine Teak) is endemic to the Philippines, and is also endangered.
Cultivation and uses
The timber is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture, boat decks, and other articles where weather resistance is desired. It is also used for indoor flooring.
Teak is easily worked and has natural oils that make it suitable for use in exposed locations, where it is durable even when not treated with oil or varnish. Teak cut from old trees grown slowly in natural forests is more durable and harder; teak from young trees grown in plantations is more prone to splitting and water damage.
Its popularity has led to growth in sustainable production throughout the seasonally dry tropics in forestry plantations. Teak does not grow in the rainforest and its consumption encompasses a different set of environmental concerns, such as the disappearance of rare old-growth teak.
Much of the world's teak is exported by Indonesia and Myanmar.
http://library.wur.nl/prosrom/tectona.html PROSEA record: ''Tectona''
Category:Lamiales
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Teak
New Teak
How old is new teak as opposed to 'old' teak?
Any links to current teak prices?
:Text now clarified. It refers to the age of the tree, and more importantly, how fast it grew; trees in natural forests grow slowly (due to shade and competition from other trees), and are very old (100-300 years old) by the time they reach merchantable size, whereas trees grown in plantations, with no competition, grow fast, reaching merchantable size while still young (30-50 years). MPF 12:24, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
Indonesian Names
Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,000 islands, only 6,000 of which are inhabited, that extends in an arc along the equator. It is the fourth most populous nation in the world (about 242 million) comprising about 365 tribal-ethnic groups, making it unrivaled in terms of ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity. Their naming customs and the use of names match this polycultural, polyglot environment.
Indonesia
The Indonesian people are generally of Malay origin, but there are over sixty ethnic groups recognised in the country, each with their own culture, customs, and language, with the Javanese being the largest single group (45%). While comparatively small, the ethnic Chinese minority (3 million - 1.5%) has an important economic influence, and so it has been subject to periodic bouts of ethnic (economic) jealousy from Malay-origin Indonesians.
Honorifics
In addition to the usual ranks and professional titles, it is customary to add ''pak'' or ''bapak'' and ''saudara'' for addressing men, and ''ibu'' for addressing women. ''Pak'' and ''bapak'' are literally translated as "father" with ''bapak'' being the more formal. ''Saudara'' is a term of greater respect and formality, literally translated as "kinsman". ''Ibu'' is literally translated as "mother" and is used in speech much like the English words "ma'am" and "lady". If you do not know a person's name, you can address an Indonesian man as ''Bapak'' or an Indonesian woman as ''Ibu''.
Naming forms
Indonesians do not generally use the Western naming practice of a given first name and a family last name. The majority of Indonesians do not have family names as the West would understand them but, such names as are given, are geographically and culturally specific. Hence, names such as Supomo, Soeprapto, etc. beginning with "Su, Soe" and ending with an "o" are usually Javanese. In general, Indonesian names fall into one of the following categories (in order of popularity):
A single
Indonesian Language
Indonesian (''Bahasa Indonesia'') is the official language of Indonesia and a remarkable language in several ways. To begin with, only a tiny fraction of the inhabitants of Indonesia speak it as a mother tongue; for most people it is a second language. In a certain sense it is very modern: officially it came into being in 1945, and it is a dynamic language that is constantly absorbing new loanwords. Indonesian is a standardized dialect of the Malay language, and the two languages remain quite similar. The phonology and grammar of Indonesian are relatively simple, and it is said that the rudiments that are necessary for basic everyday communication can be picked up in a few weeks. The Indonesian name for the language is ''Bahasa Indonesia'' (literally ''language of Indonesia''), and this name is also sometimes used in English.
History
Bahasa Indonesia is a normative form of the Malay language, an Austronesian (or Malayo-Polynesian) language which had been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries, and was elevated to the status of official language with the Indonesian declaration of independence in 1945. It is very similar to the official Malaysian form of the language. It is spoken as a mother tongue only by 7% of the population of Indonesia and 45% of the population of Malaysia, but all together almost 200 million people speak it as a second language with varying degrees of proficiency; it is an essential means of communication in a region with more than 300 native languages, used for business and administrative purposes, at all levels of education and in all mass media.
The Dutch colonization left an imprint on the language that can be seen in words such as ''polisi'' (police), ''kualitas'' (quality), ''telepon'' (telephone), ''bis'' (bus), ''kopi'' (coffee), ''rokok'' (cigarette) or ''universitas'' (university). There are also some words derived from Portuguese (''sabun'', soap; ''meja'', table; ''jendela'', window
Indonesian Language
''officially it came into being in 1945''
How exactly does a language officially come into being? Could there be more information on how the language was developed here? Thanks. --Chuck Smith
The article says:
:''There are six pure vowel sounds: a (similar to the sound in bus), e (as in get), i (shorter than in eat), o (shorter than in dawn), u (as in put), and a neutral vowel like the second vowel of water which is also spelled e; and three diphthongs (ai, au, oi). The consonantic phonemes are rendered by the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c (pronounced like the ch in cheese), j, h, ng (which also occurs initially), ny (as in canyon), m, n, s (unvoiced, as in sun or cats), w, l, r (trilled or flapped) and y. There are five more consonants that only appear in loanwords: f, v, sy (pronounced sh), z and kh (as in loch). ''
Would it be accurate to abstract the following phonological tables from the above (using SAMPA notation)?
Consonants
| |
Bilabial |
Dental |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
| Stops |
Voiceless |
p |
t |
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k |
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| Voiced |
b |
d |
|
g |
|
| Affricates |
Voiceless |
|
|
tS |
|
|
| Voiced |
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|
dZ |
|
|
| Fricatives |
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s |
|
|
h |
| Nasals |
m |
n |
J |
N |
|
| Lateral |
Indonesian Chinese
The Indonesian Chinese are ethnically Chinese people living in Indonesia, as a result of hundreds of years of overseas Chinese migration.
Indonesian Chinese people are diverse in their origins, timing and circumstances of immigration to Indonesia, and level of ties to China. Many trace their origins to the southern parts of China, such as the Fujian, Hainan and Guangdong provinces. Broadly speaking, there were three waves of immigration of the ethnic Chinese to Southeast Asia in general and Indonesia in particular. The first wave was spurred by trading activities dating back to the time of Zheng He's voyage, the second wave around the time of the Opium War, and the third and last wave around the first half of the 20th century. Chinese Indonesians whose ancestors immigrated in the first and second waves, and have thus become ''creolised'' or ''hua-na'' (in Hokkien) by marriage and assimilation, are called ''Peranakan'' Chinese. The more recent Chinese immigrants and and those who are still culturally Chinese, are called the ''Totok''. The largest populations of Indonesian Chinese people are in the cities of Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Semarang, Pontianak, and Bandung.
The economic activities and wealth of the Chinese community in Indonesia is hugely diverse; many are farmers and small-scale merchants. In many parts of Indonesia, however, they are represented among the wealthier classes out of proportion with their small numbers. According to a survey of corporations listed on the Jakarta Stock Exchange, the Indonesian Chinese community was thought to own or operate a large fraction of major Indonesian corporations. The stereotype that Indonesian Chinese people are all extremely wealthy is common in Indonesian society. In part as a result of this perceived dominance of the economy, Indonesian Chinese community has frequently been viewed with suspicion by indigenous Indonesians.
Pre-independence History
Race relations between Indonesian Chinese
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Indonesian Teak
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Indonesian Teak
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Indonesian Teak
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