Uja Federation
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Ujae Atoll
Ujae Atoll is an atoll of 15 islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 0.72 miles², but that encloses a lagoon of 71.79 miles².
The population of Ujae Atoll is 448.
Category:Geography of the Marshall Islands
Category:Pacific Ocean atolls
Federalism
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). One example of this is the United States and the division of power between the national government and the state governments.
''Federalism'' can refer to:
The form of government, or constitutional structure, found in a federation.
The political philosophy of federalists.
de:Föderalismus
fr:Fédéralisme
nl:Federalisme
New Federalism
The New federalism is a policy theme which became popular in the 1980s and 1990s in the United States that refers to the transfer of certain powers from the federal government to the states. It relies upon a Federalist tradition dating back to the founding of the country, as well as the Ninth Amendment and Tenth Amendment.
New federalism typically involves the Federal government providing block grants to the states to resolve a social issue. The Federal government then monitors outcomes but provides broad discretion to the states for how the programs are implemented. Advocates of this approach sometimes cite a quotation from a dissent by Louis Brandeis in ''New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann'':
:It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country.
Advocates for this approach rely upon the fact that the framers of the constitution never intended a form of Federalism that empowered the federal government to dominate the governance and activities of the various states to the extant that this occurred as a consequence of New Deal legislation enacted during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. A primary objective of New Federalism was the restoration to the states of some of the autonomy and power lost to the federal government as a consequence of the New Deal.
Related legislation
1972 - State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act PL 92-512
1995 - Unfunded Mandate Reform Act PL 104-4
1996 - Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act PL 104-193
Category:Federalism
Federal
The word ''federal'' in a general sense refers to the nature of an agreement between or among two or more ''states'', nations, or other groups to merge into a union in which control of common affairs is held by a central authority created by and with the consent of the members. Each member of a ''federation'' or ''confederation'' thus formed retains jurisdiction over its own ''internal'' affairs. The word ''federal'' also characterises the ''group'' formed by such an agreement. It may also refer to the ''form of'' any government following the principle of federalism.
The word is used in a peculiar manner by some citizens of the European Union who use the term in their desire to enact certain laws over the national parliaments, (a "federal EU" would have such powers) even though certain other laws (the acquis communautaire) are readily enacted over such parliaments already. In the US, for example, each state can make its own civil and criminal law codes, while in Europe, these have already been centralized, the direct opposite of federalism.
Federal refers directly to the central government of a specific country formed by such an agreement, as:
the Federal Government of the United States, especially as contrasted with State or local government
the Union Army during the American Civil War
A Federal District is a subdivision of a federal system of government, generally considered a separate entity under the direct control of the federal government. ''Federal District'' also refers to a district reserved by a country for the location of its national government, such as the United States' District of Columbia.
Federal style architecture refers to a U.S. style of Georgian architecture.
Alliance
Confederacy
Confederation
European Union
Federal District
Federal Government of the United States
Federalism
Federation
List of forms of government
Washington, DC
Category:Federalism
Federation
:''This article is about federal states. For alternative meanings, see Federation (disambiguation).''
A federation (from the Latin ''fdus'', "covenant") is a state comprised of a number of self-governing regions (often themselves referred to as "states") united by a central ("federal") government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
Federations may be multi-ethnic, or cover a large area of territory, although neither is necessarily the case. Federations are often founded on an original agreement between a number of sovereign states. The component states of a federation usually do not have the right to secede unilaterally. Important modern federations include Australia, Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Russia and the United States. The form of government or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism.
Federations and other forms of state
In a federation the component states are regarded as in some sense sovereign, in so far as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government. However a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually have ceded their foreign policy powers to the national government and so possess no independent status under international law.
Federations usually exhibit a single, two-tier structure of government across an entire jurisdiction. Exceptions may occur in which certain parts of the federation are under more direct control of the federal government, as is the case with the autonomous 'territories' of Canada and Australia, with Union Territories in India and with the United States District of Columbia. However it is not characteristic in a federation for small peripheral regions to be self-governing, while a central, much larger 'metropolis' region remains
The Federal
The Federal (Trains 66/67) was an Amtrak train running between Washington, DC and Boston, Massachusetts via the Northeast Corridor; it still exists as part of Amtrak's Regional service but not under its own name. It provided overnight service on the line. The train had a sleeping car. There were two trains a day, one in each direction. Each train left its origin station (Washington or Boston) at 10:00 pm and arrived at its final destination in the early morning. Along the way, stops were made at New York, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Baltimore, Maryland, and many intermediate stops. The Federal filled in the time gap made by other trains on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and made the route run overnight, 24-hour service.
The Federal also carried US Mail for the US Postal Service and freight/shipping service.
On-Board services:
Coach
Business Class
Quiet Car
Cafe Car
Sleeping Cars (Viewliner)*
(Note: until October 25 2004, sleeper service was suspended)
Category:Amtrak routes
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Uja Federation
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Uja Federation
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