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Ultra Bath

Ultra

:''This article is about WW II intelligence material codenamed "Ultra." For other usages, see Ultra (disambiguation)'' Ultra (sometimes capitalised ULTRA) was the name used by the British for intelligence resulting from decryption of German communications in World War II. The term eventually became the standard designation in both Britain and the United States for all intelligence from high-level cryptanalytic sources. The name arose because the code-breaking success was considered more important than the highest security classification available at the time (''Most Secret'') and so was regarded as being ''Ultra'' Secret. Much of the German cipher traffic was encrypted on the Enigma machine, hence the term "Ultra" has often been used almost synonymously with "Enigma decrypts." Until the name "Ultra" was adopted, there were several cryptonyms for intelligence from this source, including Boniface. For some time thereafter, "Ultra" was used only for intelligence from this channel. Later the Germans began to use several stream cipher teleprinter systems for their most important traffic, to which the British gave the generic code-name FISH. Several distinct systems were used, principally the Lorenz SZ 40/42 (initially code-named TUNNY) and Geheimfernschreiber (code-named STURGEON). These also were broken, particularly TUNNY, which the British thoroughly penetrated. It was eventually attacked using the Colossus, considered to be the forerunner of the electronic programmable digital computer. Although the volume of messages read from this system was much smaller than that from the Enigma, they more than made up for it in their importance. F.W. Winterbotham, in ''The Ultra Secret'' (1974), quotes the western Supreme Allied Commander, Dwight D. Eisenhower, as at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory in World War II.

Sources and history

Encrypted messages

The Ultra material largely came from

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Ultra

major revision needed

Much of this article, at this time, is seriously in need of revision. There are misconceptions, mistakes of fact, and general inadequacy. I haven't time to do the revision as I type this, but have added it to my plans. Watch this space, I suppose... In the meantime, beware. This article will get you into serious confusion. ww (4 Aug 03) :It took me a while (I forgot it was 'on my list', actually), but those watching this space can finally relax. Quite a lot of moving around, headings, corrections, rephrasing, ... :Comments? :ww 18:05, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

out with dict def

I am deleting the dictionary definition of the word Ultra from this article. It is nothing more than a dictionary entry and I see little hope of it becoming anything more. The text of what I deleted is shown below. I also removed a large section discussing sigint in the Pacific, that better belongs in an article on Purple or Magic. -SimonP (18 Dec 02) Difinition: Ultra- is a prefix used to denote something above or higher. It is derived from the Latin word ''ultra'' ("beyond", "farther", "over and above"). It is also used for indicating superiority or higher quality. Examples include "ultrasound" and "ultraviolet".

misc stuff not actually Ultra

Pacific Stuff (already to be found in the article on Purple): well before Pearl Harbor. Actually, the Japanese Purple machine ('alphabetic typewriter B') was an outgrowth of an earlier Japanese design the SIS called Red and was not an outgrowth of the Enigma or similar rotor machines; it treated vowels differently than consonants and used no rotors -- it used stepping switches instead. One of the reasons it was cryptanalytically vulnerable was that the key scheduling was poorly done. Resultant revelations of Japanese plans led to U.S. naval victories in the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, crushing the offensive power of the Japanese fleet, and enabled American flyers to find and shoot

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Ultra-

Ultra- is a prefix used in many words. It is derived from the Latin word meaning 'beyond', its Greek equivalent being 'meta'. Its use as a prefix indicates greater than normal quantity or importance; its common opposite is infra- Examples are:

ultraviolet

ultrasonic

ultraconservative

ultra vires As a noun it can also be a synonym for extremist. '':'' Ultra (disambiguation) Category:Prefixes

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Ultras

:''For the historical French reactionary faction, see Ultra-royalist.'' Ultras on the Curva Sud, Stadio Olympico, Rome]] The Ultras movement, or simply Ultras, is the name given to organized supporters' groups for sports teams, mostly in Europe and Football teams. This fan sub-group appeared in Italy during the late sixties when football teams reduced ticket prices on certain areas of the stadiums. Not to be confused with the British ''Firms'' and Casuals, although some of their supporting style is imitated. Although violent acts might occur, hooligan acts are more the exception than the norm

Common grounds

Ultra groups are surprisingly homogeneous. They are usually organized by a core group (who usually have "executive control" over the group), surrounded by smaller groups, formed by location, friends group or political stance. The material is also almost the same: standards (a piece of painted light fabric with two poles on each side), flags, both regular sized and large (with sides over 4 meters) and banners, usually large, durable plastic fabric painted and decorated with the name and symbology of the group it belongs. Most groups also sell their own goods like scarves, hats and jackets, and their sale can go across borders for collectors or fans.

Ultra culture

The ''Ultra'' culture is a mix of several supporting styles, from the scarf-waving and chants of early English stadia, Brazilian ''Torcida'' and the original Italian style. An Ultra group can be composed from few dozens to hundreds, mixing several parts of the community, claim entire sectors of the stadium for themselves and get involved in the team rather more often than regular fans. Four points are the core of a ''ultra mentality'':

Never stop singing during the whole match, no matter the result;

Never sit down during matches (as opposed to ''armchair fans'');

Follow as many games possible, regardless of costs or distances;

Loyalty to the ''Curva''

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Ultra Bath