Xerox 470
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Xerox
:For ''xerox'' as a verb, check the Trademark issues section.
Xerox Corporation is the world's largest supplier of toner-based (dry ink) photocopier machines and associated supplies. Corporate headquarters are in Stamford, Connecticut, though the major portion of the company is located in and around Rochester, New York, the area in which the company was founded. The company is so identified with its product that the term "Xerox machine" is often used to refer to photographic duplicators produced by other companies.
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Originally named Haloid and beginning as a manufacturer of photographic paper and equipment, the company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the first one-piece, plain paper photocopier using the process of xerography (electrophotography), the Xerox 914. The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires of some long-suffering investors who had nursed the company through the slow research and development phase of the product. In many ways, this time resembled the early years of Microsoft. Proceeds from the introduction of this new industry allowed the company to open a famous research center, the ''Xerox Palo Alto Research Center'' or Xerox PARC.
Business model shifts
Xerox shifted its business model in the 1970s and 1980s as patent expiry removed exclusivity from their copier technology, and diversification plans largely did not succeed. Many technologies developed largely by PARC were ignored by Xerox and made their way into other companies' products—for instance, Ethernet, the WIMP interface, and laser printers. Plans to enter the computer market were destroyed by bad timing (for example, releasing an 8-bit CP/M based system, the Xerox 820, just as IBM readied its more advanced PC). Similarly, Xerox developed a line of advanced typewriters just as the typewriter began to lose out to computer-based word processing. Meanwhile, the company's manufacturing costs were
Xerox
Suggested updates:
# "The Document Company" was recently dropped as a slogan.
# Although Xerox certainly does well with photocopiers, we do plenty with printers, too. Although it is possible to use some of the high-volume Xerox printers--the DocuColor 6060 springs to mind--as copiers, they are mostly used as direct-from-computer printers.
# Xerox acquired the printer division of Tektronix in 1999. This is mentioned in the Tektronix article, but not the Xerox article. Most of the acquired products are non-xerographic process printers.
# Xerox also develops and markets standalone software products, DocuShare being an example.
As a current employee of Xerox, I know enough to recuse myself from editing the article for a number of reasons. That said, I'd appreciate it if somebody more impartial incorporated the aforementioned changes. I fear that if I attempt to do it myself, I will spin it too much. I am making this request of my own will, and do not do so as an official representative of the Corporation. Any other good disclaimers you can think of, I'd probably like to apply those, too. Thank you! Ventura 23:16, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)
ILB:
# The company Logo is changed as well.
# Another Xerox software product seems to be important to mention: FlowPort
# Xerox also provides consulting services as Xerox Global Services, that drives companies to better business by applying of the process innovation.
The information flow intensive business processes such as record management, customer communications, billing and training are the example field of the Xerox Global Service improving activity.
# I would find it very appropriate if the enrties for "DocuShare", "FlowPort", "Xerox Global Services" and "XGS" would be included as well
I am joining to the disclaimer above.
I've made some of these changes -- I have no connection whatsoever with Xerox, so this ought to make everybody happy! --Christofurio 20:38, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)
The article suggested Xerox dropped "The Document
Xeroxed
This is my talk so i'm going to make my point. I'm only a 17 year old male living in a town where, if you don't say nigger you get beat up, and if you do say nigger you get beat up. so what i'd like to ask is, "what the hell is wrong with the world?" and, "why are you people doing this to yourselves?" Of course I'm talking about fads and popularity. I've had the chance to be popular and I selfishly seized that chance but looking back on it now I realize I was an idiot. I'm not talking about any other town but this one but i know there are more like this. To be popular you have to be a drug addict, a wannabe rapper, and like to pretend your black. if you do not do these things you aren't popular. this does stem from fads because of the rap fad you have to do drugs and act black, but this also stems from peoples stupidity and want to be accepted by everyone. but little that these people know that by being accepted by the popular group they are putting themselves into the view of hate of another group. my point is to stop these views and the ignorance that comes with the acceptance with a status group.
Xerox PARC
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) was a flagship research division of the Xerox Corporation, based in Palo Alto, California, USA, which essentially created the modern personal computer "paper" paradigm. It was founded in 1970, and spun out as a separate company in 2002.
PARC's founding director, George Pake, was an outstanding physicist in the area of nuclear magnetic resonance. Dr. Pake had been serving as provost of Washington University in 1969 when he was courted by Jack Goldman, Chief Scientist at Xerox. If Jack Goldman was chiefly responsible for Xerox founding, and generously funding, a second research center, then George Pake was chiefly responsible for siting PARC in Palo Alto -- 3,000 miles away from Xerox headquarters.
In retrospect, this turned out to be a good idea, for around 1974, PARC was able to raid the nearby Augmentation Research Center (founded by Douglas Engelbart) for some of its most talented personnel. It also helped that Engelbart's funding from ARPA, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force was drying up around the same time.
Xerox PARC was the incubator of many elements of modern computing. Most were included in the first personal computer, the Alto, which included many aspects of the Graphical user interface (GUI), the mouse **, the WYSIWYG text editor, Interpress (a resolution-independent graphical page description language and the precursor to PostScript), Ethernet, and the Smalltalk programming language and integrated development environment. The laser printer was developed at the same time, as an integral part of the overall environment.
Among PARC's distinguished researchers were two Turing Award winners: Butler W. Lampson (1992) and Alan Kay (2003). The ACM Software System Award recognized the Alto system in 1984, Smalltalk in 1987, InterLisp in 1992, and Remote Procedure Call in 1994. Lampson, Kay, Robert W. Taylor, and Charles P. Thacker received the National Academy of Engineering's prestigious Charles Stark
Xerox Alto
thumb|right|200px|A Xerox Alto Computer System
The Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox PARC in 1973, was the first personal computer and the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI).
Architecture
The Alto was first conceptualized in 1972 in an all points memo written by Butler Lampson, and designed primarily by Chuck Thacker. It had 128 (expandable to 512) Kbytes of main memory and a hard disk with a removable 2.5 Mbyte cartridge, all housed in a cabinet about as big as a small refrigerator. The Alto's CPU was a very innovative microcoded processor which used microcode for most of the IO functions rather than hardware. The microcode machine had 16 tasks, one of which executed the normal instruction set (which was rather like a Data General Nova), with the others used for the display, memory refresh, disk, network, and other I/O functions. As an example, the bit map display controller was little more than a 16 bit shift register; microcode was used to fetch display refresh data from main memory and put it in the shift register.
Apart from an Ethernet connection, the Alto's only common output device was a bi-level (black and white) CRT display, mounted in the "wrong" orientation (longest side vertical, portrait orientation). Its input devices were a custom keyboard, a three-button mouse, and an optional 5-key chord keyset. The last two items were borrowed from SRI's On-Line System; while the mouse was an instant success among Alto users, the chord keyset never became popular.
All Alto mice had three buttons. The earliest were mechanical and used two wheels perpendicular to each other. These were soon replaced with ball-type mice, which was invented by Thacker. Later, optical mice were introduced, first using white light and then using IR. The buttons on the early mice were narrow bars arranged top to bottom rather than side to side.
The keyboard was interesting in that each key was represented as a separate bit
Xerox Star
The Xerox Star, officially known as the 8010, was a revolutionary computer workstation released as a commercial product in 1981. The Star workstation hardware was known as a Dandelion, or Dlion, based on the "Wildflower" architecture paper by Butler Lampson. Its CPU was a microprogrammed bit-sliced running a virtual machine for the Mesa programming language, a direct precursor to Modula-2 and Modula-3. The Star was developed by the Xerox Systems Development Division, and not at the famous Xerox Palo Alto Research Center as commonly supposed. Many of the ideas in Star originated at PARC, such as WYSIWYG, Ethernet, and network services such as Directory, Print, File, and internetwork routing. However, the product versions were distinct from the research versions.
The Xerox Star was not originally meant to be a stand-alone computer, but was part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system" that also connected to other workstations and network services via Ethernet. The Xerox Star was the first commercial computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI) with the familiar desktop-with-icons metaphor and a mouse. In this it borrowed several designs from the earlier Xerox Alto computer.
The Xerox Star is considered by many to be a commercial failure because only about 25 thousand were sold. However, the Star product laid important groundwork for the computers of today.
There is a common story that a trip to Xerox PARC by Apple Computer's Steve Jobs led to the GUI and mouse being integrated into the Apple Lisa and, later, the first Apple Macintosh. This is only partially true. Steve Jobs was shown the Smalltalk-80 programming environment which had a small portion of the GUI features in the Star—for example it didn't have a desktop or icons. The Lisa engineering team saw Star at its introduction and came back and converted what had been a text-based user interface into a GUI. The initial Macintosh interface was a simplified version of the Lisa interface (i.e.,
Rank Xerox
Rank Xerox was formed in 1956 as a joint venture between the Xerox Corporation of USA and the Rank Organisation of UK, to manufacture and market Xerox equipment initially in Europe and later in Africa and Asia. A further joint venture between Rank Xerox and Modi Group in India formed Modi Xerox (now Xerox India) to manufacture and sell Xerox equipment in the Indian subcontinent.
The initial joint venture was 51% Xerox and 49% Rank Org, but this changed after a few years to a 60/40 split. Later, Xerox bought a further share making the split 80/20, and in the late 1990s, completed the purchase, so Rank Xerox formally became Xerox.
Rank Xerox was the first winner of the European Quality Award in 1992.
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